Obesity is a medical condition A disease or medical condition is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions, associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases in which excess body fat In histology, adipose tissue or body fat or just fat is loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. It is technically composed of roughly only 80% fat; fat in its solitary state exists in the liver and muscles. Adipose tissue is derived from lipoblasts. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy Life expectancy is the expected number of years of life remaining at a given age. It is denoted by ex, which means the average number of subsequent years of life for someone now aged x, according to a particular mortality experience. (In technical literature, this symbol means the average number of complete years of life remaining, ie excluding and/or increased health problems.[1][2] Body mass index The body mass index , or Quetelet index, is a statistical measure which compares a person's weight and height. Though it does not actually measure the percentage of body fat, it is used to estimate a healthy body weight based on a person's height. Due to its ease of measurement and calculation, it is the most widely used diagnostic tool to (BMI), a measurement which compares weight Although some people prefer the less-ambiguous term body mass, the term body weight is overwhelmingly used in daily English speech as well as in the contexts of biological and medical sciences to describe the mass of an organism's body. Body weight is measured in kilograms throughout the world, although in some countries people more often measure and height, defines people as overweight (pre-obese) Overweight is generally defined as having more body fat than is optimally healthy. Being overweight is a common condition, especially where food supplies are plentiful and lifestyles are sedentary. As much as 64% of the United States adult population is considered either overweight or obese, and this percentage has increased over the last four when their BMI is between 25 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2, and obese when it is greater than 30 kg/m2.[3]
Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases Whether obesity should be considered a disease on its own, it is also an important risk factor for many chronic physical and mental illnesses, particularly heart disease Heart disease or cardiovascular diseases is the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels . While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system (as used in MeSH C14), it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis (arterial disease). These conditions have similar causes,, type 2 diabetes Diabetes mellitus type 2 or type 2 diabetes (formerly called non -insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus , or adult-onset diabetes) is a disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Diabetes is often initially managed by increasing exercise and dietary modification. As the, breathing difficulties during sleep Obstructive sleep apnea is a common sleep apnea caused by obstruction of the airway. It is characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. These episodes, called apneas (literally, "without breath"), each last long enough that one or more breaths are missed, and occur repeatedly throughout sleep. In obstructive sleep apnea, breathing, certain types of cancer Cancer /ˈkænsər/ (medical term: malignant neoplasm) is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth (division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood). These three malignant properties, and osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, is a group of mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Symptoms may include joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, locking, and sometimes an effusion. A variety of causes—hereditary, developmental,.[2] Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive dietary calories Food energy is the amount of energy obtained from food that is available through cellular respiration, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility Inheritance of quantitative traits or polygenic inheritance refers to the inheritance of a phenotypic characteristic that varies in degree and can be attributed to the interactions between two or more genes and their environment. Though not necessarily genes themselves, quantitative trait loci are stretches of DNA that are closely linked to the, although a few cases are caused primarily by genes A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. It is normally a stretch of DNA that codes for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. All living things depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains. Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic, endocrine In physiology, the endocrine system is a system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone into the bloodstream to regulate the body. The endocrine system is an information signal system like the nervous system. Hormones regulate many functions of an organism, including mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism. The disorders, medications A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as medicine, medication or medicament, can be loosely defined as any chemical substance intended for use in the medical diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease or psychiatric illness A mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern associated with distress or disability that occurs in an individual and is not a part of normal development or culture. The recognition and understanding of mental health conditions has changed over time and across cultures, and there are still variations in the. Evidence to support the view that some obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is limited; on average obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass.[4][5]
The primary treatment for obesity is dieting Dieting is the practice of ingesting food in a regulated fashion to achieve or maintain a controlled weight. In most cases dieting is used in combination with physical exercise to lose weight in those who are overweight or obese. Some athletes, however, follow a diet to gain weight . Diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight and physical exercise Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health or wellness. It is performed for various reasons. These include strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance and for enjoyment. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune. To supplement this, or in case of failure, anti-obesity drugs Anti-obesity medication or weight loss drugs refer to all pharmacological agents that reduce or control weight. These drugs alter one of the fundamental processes of the human body, weight regulation, by either altering appetite, metabolism, or absorption of calories. It is common for them to be tried and if there is little or no benefit from them may be taken to reduce appetite or inhibit fat absorption. In severe cases, surgery Bariatric surgery, or weight loss surgery, is a type of procedure performed on people who are dangerously fat, for the purpose of losing weight. This weight loss is usually achieved by reducing the size of the stomach with an implanted medical device or through removal of a portion of the stomach (sleeve gastrectomy or biliopancreatic diversion is performed or an intragastric balloon is placed to reduce stomach volume and/or bowel length, leading to earlier satiation and reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.[6][7]
Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death The World Health Organization traditionally classified death by either disease or injury. It however may also be classified in terms of preventable risk factors which then lead to the traditional classification of disease states worldwide, with increasing prevalence In epidemiology, the prevalence of a disease in a statistical population is defined as the total number of cases of the disease in the population at a given time, or the total number of cases in the population, divided by the number of individuals in the population. It is used as an estimate of how common a condition is within a population over a in adults and children Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. As methods to determine body fat directly are difficult, the diagnosis of obesity is often based on BMI. Due to the rising prevalence of obesity in children and its many adverse health effects it is being recognized as a serious public health, and authorities view it as one of the most serious public health Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals." It is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. The problems of the 21st century.[8] Obesity is stigmatized Weight stigma, also known as weightism, weight bias, and weight-based discrimination, refers to invidiously discriminatory attitudes towards overweight/obese or underweight/thin individuals that influence interpersonal interactions. Weight stigma reflects internalized attitudes towards overweight and obese as well as underweight or thin people and in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world The Western world, also known as the West and the Occident , is a term that can have multiple meanings depending on its context (e.g., the time period, the region or social situation). Accordingly, the basic definition of what constitutes "the West" varies, expanding and contracting over time, in relation to various historical), though it was widely perceived as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history, and still is in some parts of the world.[2][9]
Contents |
Classification
Main article: Classification of obesity Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse affect on health. Relative weight and body mass index are nearly identical and are reasonable estimates of body fatness as measured by percentage body fat. However, BMI does not account for the wide variation in body fat distribution,Obesity is a medical condition A disease or medical condition is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions, associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases in which excess body fat In histology, adipose tissue or body fat or just fat is loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. It is technically composed of roughly only 80% fat; fat in its solitary state exists in the liver and muscles. Adipose tissue is derived from lipoblasts. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health.[1] It is defined by body mass index (BMI) The body mass index , or Quetelet index, is a statistical measure which compares a person's weight and height. Though it does not actually measure the percentage of body fat, it is used to estimate a healthy body weight based on a person's height. Due to its ease of measurement and calculation, it is the most widely used diagnostic tool to and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waist–hip ratio Waist-hip ratio or Waist-to-hip ratio is the ratio of the circumference of the waist to that of the hips. It is calculated by measuring the smaller circumference of the natural waist, usually just above the belly button, and dividing by the hip circumference at its widest part of the buttocks or hip. The ratio is applied both to women and men and total cardiovascular risk factors.[10][11] BMI is closely related to both percentage body fat A person's body fat percentage is the total weight of the person's fat divided by the person's weight and consists of essential body fat and storage body fat. Essential body fat is necessary to maintain life and reproductive functions. The percentage for women is greater than that for men, due to the demands of childbearing and other hormonal and total body fat.[12]
A "super obese" male with a BMI of 47 kg/m2: weight 146 kg (322 lb), height 177 cm (5 ft 10 in)In children, a healthy weight varies with age and sex. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined not as an absolute number, but in relation to a historical normal group, such that obesity is a BMI greater than the 95th percentile A percentile is the value of a variable below which a certain percent of observations fall. So the 20th percentile is the value (or score) below which 20 percent of the observations may be found. The term percentile and the related term percentile rank are often used in descriptive statistics as well as in the reporting of scores from norm-.[13] The reference data on which these percentiles are based are from 1963 to 1994, and thus have not been affected by the recent increases in weight.[14]
| BMI | Classification |
|---|---|
| < 18.5 | underweight |
| 18.5–24.9 | normal weight |
| 25.0–29.9 | overweight |
| 30.0–34.9 | class I obesity |
| 35.0–39.9 | class II obesity |
| ≥ 40.0 | class III obesity |
BMI is calculated by dividing the subject's mass by the square of his or her height, typically expressed either in metric The metric system is an international decimalised system of measurement, first adopted by France in 1791, that is the common system of measuring units used by most of the world. It exists in several variations, with different choices of fundamental units, though the choice of base units does not affect its day-to-day use. Over the last two or US "customary" The United States customary system is the most commonly used system of measurement in the United States. It is similar but not identical to the British Imperial units. The U.S. is the only industrialized nation that does not mainly use the metric system in its commercial and standards activities, although the International System of Units (SI, units:
- Metric: BMI = kilograms / meters2
where lb is the subject's weight in pounds The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement. A number of different definitions have been used, the most common today being the international avoirdupois pound of exactly 0.45359237 kilograms and in is the subject's height in inches An inch is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, and United States customary units. There are 36 inches in a yard and 12 inches in a foot. A corresponding unit of area is the square inch and a corresponding unit of volume is the cubic inch. The inch is usually the universal unit of measurement in.
The most commonly used definitions, established by the World Health Organization The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health Organization, which had been an agency of the (WHO) in 1997 and published in 2000, provide the values listed in the table at right.[3]
Some modifications to the WHO definitions have been made by particular bodies. The surgical literature breaks down "class III" obesity into further categories whose exact values are still disputed.[15]
- Any BMI ≥ 35 or 40 is severe obesity
- A BMI of ≥ 35 or 40–44.9 or 49.9 is morbid obesity
- A BMI of ≥ 45 or 50 is super obese
As Asian populations develop negative health consequences at a lower BMI than Caucasians, some nations have redefined obesity; the Japanese have defined obesity as any BMI greater than 25[16] while China China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity uses a BMI of greater than 28.[17]
Effects on health
Excessive body weight Although some people prefer the less-ambiguous term body mass, the term body weight is overwhelmingly used in daily English speech as well as in the contexts of biological and medical sciences to describe the mass of an organism's body. Body weight is measured in kilograms throughout the world, although in some countries people more often measure is associated with various diseases A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal disfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases. Ecologically, disease is defined as, particularly cardiovascular diseases Heart disease or cardiovascular diseases is the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels . While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system (as used in MeSH C14), it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis (arterial disease). These conditions have similar causes,, diabetes mellitus type 2 Diabetes mellitus type 2 or type 2 diabetes (formerly called non -insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus , or adult-onset diabetes) is a disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Diabetes is often initially managed by increasing exercise and dietary modification. As the, obstructive sleep apnea Obstructive sleep apnea is a common sleep apnea caused by obstruction of the airway. It is characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. These episodes, called apneas (literally, "without breath"), each last long enough that one or more breaths are missed, and occur repeatedly throughout sleep. In obstructive sleep apnea, breathing, certain types of cancer Cancer /ˈkænsər/ (medical term: malignant neoplasm) is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth (division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood). These three malignant properties, and osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, is a group of mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Symptoms may include joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, locking, and sometimes an effusion. A variety of causes—hereditary, developmental,.[2] As a result, obesity has been found to reduce life expectancy Life expectancy is the expected number of years of life remaining at a given age. It is denoted by ex, which means the average number of subsequent years of life for someone now aged x, according to a particular mortality experience. (In technical literature, this symbol means the average number of complete years of life remaining, ie excluding.[2]
Mortality
| Relative risk of death for men (left) and women (right) in the United States by BMI.[18] | ||
Obesity is one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide.[8][19][20] Large-scale American and European studies have found that mortality risk is lowest at a BMI of 22.5–25 kg/m2[21] in non-smokers and at 24–27 kg/m2 in current smokers, with risk increasing along with changes in either direction.[22][23] A BMI above 32 has been associated with a doubled mortality rate among women over a 16-year period.[24] In the United States obesity is estimated to cause an excess 111,909 to 365,000 death per year,[2][20] while 1 million (7.7%) of deaths in the European Union are attributed to excess weight.[25][26] On average, obesity reduces life expectancy by six to seven years:[2][27] a BMI of 30–35 reduces life expectancy by two to four years,[21] while severe obesity (BMI > 40) reduces life expectancy by 10 years.[21]
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Thu, 02 Sep 2010 07:53:53 GMT+00:00
The Daily Advertiser They are either overweight, underweight or obese . "It's safe to say that these students are in trouble," Howat said. "Many are at risk of developmental ... Study links health, academics 2TheAdvocate Study Links Health and Academic Performance klfy
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Excessive weight is not good for your health Recent research has pointed to the fact that people who are 25 in weight than the average can live 25 longer than the average this is startling There is good weight and bad weight good weight is when a body carries high muscle mass and
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ue, 10 Aug 2010 07:00:00 GM
Opinions about . obesity. are often very negative. . Obesity. statistics indicate the overweight and . obese. experience social discrimination, at work and even in health-care settings. Learn about common opinions on . obesity. and facts about ...
Q. Im just curious what happens to a overly obese females vagina when they loose a substantial amount of weight. does it shrink or get flabby ect ect
Asked by punkrockerfanguy - Sun Oct 7 01:05:59 2007 - - 2 Answers - 0 Comments
A. I guess the internal vagina would be same, but maybe the outside labia would be a little loose depending on genetics, age, etc. But even thin women can have dropped uterus and saggy skin depending on age, births, etc. Maybe check out a plastic surgery website.
Answered by JusMe - Sun Oct 7 01:13:27 2007
